Web服务器之Nginx

Posted on 2025-10-12 Waline:

Web服务器之Nginx

一、介绍

Nginx是一款高性能的Web服务器，广泛用于网站搭建。

二、安装

有好多种安装方法，安装包安装、源码编译安装、配置 YUM APT 官方源安装。

2.1 配置官方`APT`安装

进入官网，点击安装，选择Linux Package，选择对应的Ubuntu系统 Debian系统，按照提示一步一步来。

按照先决条件，依赖包

1	sudo apt install curl gnupg2 ca-certificates lsb-release debian-archive-keyring

导入官方nginx签名密钥，以便apt能够沿着软件包的真实性

1 2	curl https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key \| gpg --dearmor \ \| sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null

验证下载的文件是否含有正确的密钥

1	gpg --dry-run --quiet --no-keyring --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg

输出应该带有完整的指纹。

root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# gpg --dry-run --quiet --no-keyring --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg
pub   rsa4096 2024-05-29 [SC]
      8540A6F18833A80E9C1653A42FD21310B49F6B46
uid                      nginx signing key <signing-key-2@nginx.com>

pub   rsa2048 2011-08-19 [SC] [expires: 2027-05-24]
      573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62
uid                      nginx signing key <signing-key@nginx.com>

pub   rsa4096 2024-05-29 [SC]
      9E9BE90EACBCDE69FE9B204CBCDCD8A38D88A2B3
uid                      nginx signing key <signing-key-3@nginx.com>

root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#

和下面的官方签名密钥保持一致。

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3

pub   rsa2048 2011-08-19 [SC] [expires: 2027-05-24]
      573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62
uid                      nginx signing key <signing-key@nginx.com>

为稳定版 nginx 设置仓库

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echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
http://nginx.org/packages/debian `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
    | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list

主线版本的nginx 仓库

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echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
    | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list

优先使用 nginx 官网提供的软件仓库，而不是ubuntu 或 debian 提供的仓库。

1 2	echo -e "Package: *\nPin: origin nginx.org\nPin: release o=nginx\nPin-Priority: 900\n" \ \| sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/99nginx

安装

1 2	sudo apt update sudo apt install nginx

启动

1	systemctl enable --now nginx

2.2 配置官方`YUM` 安装

进入官网，点击安装，选择Linux Package，选择对应的RHEL红帽系，按照提示一步一步来。

安装依赖，yum-utils

1	sudo yum install yum-utils

编辑文件/etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo

1	vim /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo

[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true

[nginx-mainline]
name=nginx mainline repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true

默认使用稳定版本，如需切换到主线版本

1	sudo yum-config-manager --enable nginx-mainline

安装

1	sudo yum install nginx

[root@centos9 ~]# sudo yum install nginx
nginx stable repo					22 kB/s |  54 kB     00:02    
Dependencies resolved.
===================================================================================================
	Package				Architecture			Version					Repository			Size
==================================================================================================
Installing:
 nginx				x86_64					2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx		nginx-stable			1.0 M

Transaction Summary
==================================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 1.0 M
Installed size: 3.4 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
nginx-1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64.rpm                                   132 kB/s | 1.0 MB     00:07    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                               132 kB/s | 1.0 MB     00:07     
nginx stable repo                                                   9.8 kB/s |  12 kB     00:01    
Importing GPG key 0xB49F6B46:
 Userid     : "nginx signing key <signing-key-2@nginx.com>"
 Fingerprint: 8540 A6F1 8833 A80E 9C16 53A4 2FD2 1310 B49F 6B46
 From       : https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Importing GPG key 0x7BD9BF62:
 Userid     : "nginx signing key <signing-key@nginx.com>"
 Fingerprint: 573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079 A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62
 From       : https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Importing GPG key 0x8D88A2B3:
 Userid     : "nginx signing key <signing-key-3@nginx.com>"
 Fingerprint: 9E9B E90E ACBC DE69 FE9B 204C BCDC D8A3 8D88 A2B3
 From       : https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                                                     1/1 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                                                                                                                     1/1 
  Installing       : nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                                                                                                                     1/1 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                                                                                                                     1/1 
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Thanks for using nginx!

Please find the official documentation for nginx here:
* https://nginx.org/en/docs/

Please subscribe to nginx-announce mailing list to get
the most important news about nginx:
* https://nginx.org/en/support.html

Commercial subscriptions for nginx are available on:
* https://nginx.com/products/

----------------------------------------------------------------------

  Verifying        : nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                                                                                                                     1/1 

Installed:
  nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            

Complete!
[root@centos9 ~]#

启动

1	systemctl enable --now nginx

2.3 验证启动

# 法一，看端口
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# netstat -tlnp |grep nginx
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      20400/nginx: master
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      20400/nginx: master
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#

# 法二，看服务状态
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sun 2025-10-12 07:03:36 UTC; 14min ago
       Docs: man:nginx(8)
   Main PID: 20400 (nginx)
      Tasks: 3 (limit: 14231)
     Memory: 3.2M
        CPU: 23ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
             ├─20400 "nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on;"
             ├─20401 "nginx: worker process" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ""  
             └─20402 "nginx: worker process" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" 

Oct 12 07:03:36 sg-oracle-2c12g-01 systemd[1]: Starting A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server...
Oct 12 07:03:36 sg-oracle-2c12g-01 systemd[1]: Started A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server.
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#

2.4 测试访问

需放行80端口，或关闭防火墙

# 红帽系 防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld

# debian 系防火墙
systemctl stop ufw

nginx默认页

三、基本使用

3.1 配置文件

3.1.1 整体配置文件

默认配置文件夹在 /etc/nginx，主配置文件是 nginx.conf ，它内部引用配置目录 conf.d/。

# ubuntu 22.04 nginx官方源
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~# ls -l /etc/nginx/
total 64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 06:33 conf.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1125 May 30  2023 fastcgi.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1055 May 30  2023 fastcgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2837 May 30  2023 koi-utf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2223 May 30  2023 koi-win
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3957 May 30  2023 mime.types
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 22 12:46 modules-available
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 modules-enabled
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1447 May 30  2023 nginx.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  180 May 30  2023 proxy_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  636 May 30  2023 scgi_params
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 sites-available
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 sites-enabled
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 12 05:41 snippets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  664 May 30  2023 uwsgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3071 May 30  2023 win-utf
root@sg-oracle-2c12g-01:~#


# centos9，nginx官方源
[root@centos9 nginx]# ls
conf.d  fastcgi_params  mime.types  modules  nginx.conf  scgi_params  uwsgi_params
[root@centos9 nginx]# 


# centos7  阿里云EPEL源
[root@centos7 nginx]# ls -al
total 84
drwxr-xr-x   4 root root 4096 Oct 12 15:23 .
drwxr-xr-x. 81 root root 8192 Oct 12 15:23 ..
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root    6 Nov 11  2022 conf.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root    6 Nov 11  2022 default.d
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 1077 Nov 11  2022 fastcgi.conf
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 1077 Nov 11  2022 fastcgi.conf.default
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 1007 Nov 11  2022 fastcgi_params
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 1007 Nov 11  2022 fastcgi_params.default
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 2837 Nov 11  2022 koi-utf
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 2223 Nov 11  2022 koi-win
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 5231 Nov 11  2022 mime.types
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 5231 Nov 11  2022 mime.types.default
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 2336 Nov 11  2022 nginx.conf
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 2656 Nov 11  2022 nginx.conf.default
-rw-r--r--   1 root root  636 Nov 11  2022 scgi_params
-rw-r--r--   1 root root  636 Nov 11  2022 scgi_params.default
-rw-r--r--   1 root root  664 Nov 11  2022 uwsgi_params
-rw-r--r--   1 root root  664 Nov 11  2022 uwsgi_params.default
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 3610 Nov 11  2022 win-utf
[root@centos7 nginx]#

3.1.2 主配置文件解读

1	egrep '^[ ]*#\|^$' -v /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

[root@centos9 conf.d]# egrep '^[ ]*#|^$' -v /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 
user  nginx;
worker_processes  auto;
error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log notice;
pid        /run/nginx.pid;
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}
http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}
[root@centos9 conf.d]#

include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; 包含子配置文件

3.2 最小配置文件部署站点001

创建新网站，在conf.d 目录下新建子配置文件，

1 2	mkdir -p /www/wwwroot/web-server-01 vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/web-server-01.conf

server {
	listen 80;
	server_name web-server-01.域名;
	access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
	
	location / {
		root /www/wwwroot/web-server-01;
		index index.html;
	}
	
}

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cat > /www/wwwroot/web-server-01/index.html << EOL
Hello World!
EOL

nginx -t

# 配置文件没问题
# nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
# nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

1	nginx -s reload

访问 http://web-server-01.域名

3.3 部署方式

3.3.1 基于IP

server {
	listen 1.1.1.1:80;
	server_name web-server-01.域名;
	access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
	
	location / {
		root /www/wwwroot/web-server-01;
		index index.html;
	}
	
}

3.3.2 基于端口

server {
	listen 8080;
	server_name web-server-01.域名;
	access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
	
	location / {
		root /www/wwwroot/web-server-01;
		index index.html;
	}
	
}

3.3.3 基于域名

server {
	listen 80;
	server_name web-server-02.域名;
	access_log /var/log/nginx/web-server-01.log;
	
	location / {
		root /www/wwwroot/web-server-02;
		index index.html;
	}
	
}

四、常见配合

4.1 LNMP

Linux + Nginx + MySQL/Mariadb +PHP

4.2 LAMP

Linux + APache + MySQL/Mariadb +PHP

五、封面图

封面图

Web服务器之Nginx

一、介绍

二、安装

2.1 配置官方APT安装

2.2 配置官方YUM 安装

2.3 验证启动

2.4 测试访问

三、基本使用

3.1 配置文件

3.1.1 整体配置文件

3.1.2 主配置文件解读

3.2 最小配置文件部署站点001

3.3 部署方式

3.3.1 基于IP

3.3.2 基于端口

3.3.3 基于域名

四、常见配合

4.1 LNMP

4.2 LAMP

五、封面图

2.1 配置官方`APT`安装

2.2 配置官方`YUM` 安装